. Study Guide to the Systems of the Body Study Guide to the Systems of the Body Oct 8, 2018 Have you ever wondered how your food is digested, or how you can breathe, or even move your arms? If you think about it, it's pretty amazing that the human body can do all of these things and more. These actions are made possible by what are called organ systems which are collections of organs, body parts and tissues that work together for a common goal. For example, each one of your bones are part of the skeletal system; they work collectively to provide support and movement so that you can walk and run. Your bones also work together to protect your important internal organs, such as the heart, lungs and brain.

1. Study Guide Cardiovascular System Answers
2. A&p Cardiovascular System Study Guide
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Other organ systems present in your body are the circulatory, respiratory, muscular, digestive, integumentary, endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems. All of these systems have specific functions but they cannot function independently, meaning that they rely on all the other systems in order to work properly. Each system is very important and every person has them.

Below you will find a brief overview of each body system along with helpful educational links for adults and instructional links for teachers. Circulatory System The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels which emcompasses all of the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, and veins return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The main purpose of the circulatory system is to transport blood, oxygen, nutrients and hormones to and from different cells and tissues throughout the body. This system works hand-in-hand with the respiratory system to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood per the alveoli in the lungs. It is also very important for the the removal of wastes and poisons within the body via the digestive and urinary systems.

Click on this link and learn all about the circulatory system. Includes information on how it works, its function, major organs within the system, heart structure, and blood. A neat animation of how the circulatory system works. Kids who are interested in learning more about the cardiovascular system and what it is can click on this link.

On this page, readers will learn more details about the heart, the bloodstream, and how blood gets its oxygen!. This page opens up to a printout of the human heart that can be colored. The printout has the various parts of the heart labeled. A series of lesson plans for learning about the circulatory system.

Blood vessels and how to check one's pulse are a part of the lesson plans provided. Play this game to learn more about the circulatory system. Watch a great video about the heart and the circulatory system. After the video, kids can read all about it as well.

Respiratory System The respiratory system primarily consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs and diaphragm. It's primary functions are to absorb oxygen through the inhalation (inspiration) of air and to expel carbon dioxide back out into the atmosphere through exhalation (expiration). This process is commonly called ventilation, otherwise known as breathing, which facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and atmosphere. Within the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged via the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where this action takes place. During this process the newly oxygenated blood is pumped through the circulatory system by way of the heart to all of the cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body. Educational information provided by the NIH.

Includes an overview of the respiratory system, what happens when you breathe, what controls your breathing, and lung diseases and conditions. Includes 2D and 3D interactive respiratory system anatomy explorer.

Provides information on each section of the respiratory system and an overview of how it all works together. An elementary school lesson plan regarding the respiratory system. The lesson plan includes parts from part A to part D. Watch a video summary about the respiratory system.

The video is for kids in the fifth grade. Information about the respiratory system in an easy to understand format. Provides educational information on the respiratory system basics, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration. Skeletal System The skeletal system is comprised of 206 bones in total and consists of several different types of bones such as long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. It also consists of all the joints, cartilage, tendons and ligaments within the body. The primary functions of the skeletal system are locomotion, support of the body, and the protection of internal organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Bones are also responsible for the production of red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells.

Minerals such as calcium, iron, magnesium and phosphorous are also stored within the bones, with 99% of the body’s calcium being stored here. Learn about the skeletal system components, types of bones, and types of joints. Learn about the skeletal system inside and out by clicking on this link. While reading this page, people can also learn what the skeletal system does and how it works with other systems in the body. An interactive game for grades 4 and 5 that allows kids to label the various bones of the skeletal system. Kids can ask their parents to print out this skeleton for coloring, or it can be colored online. Spaces are available for labeling the various parts.

Learning about the common and proper names of bones can be fun. Print this PDF and connect the common names of the bones with the proper names.

Read about the three major jobs that the skeletal system does. This link also tells how many bones there are in the human body. Muscular System The muscular system consists of 650 skeletal, smooth (visceral), and cardiac (myocardium) muscles. The primary functions of this system are movement, joint stabilization, heat generation, maintenance of posture, and the facilitation of blood circulation. Skeletal muscles connect to bone and work hand-in-hand with the skeletal system to control voluntary movement such as walking and running. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that are responsible for the contraction of hollow muscles which include the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus. Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle found only in the heart and facilitates the circulation of blood by pumping it to the major arteries and out into the body via the circulatory system.

Facts, Functions and Diseases: Provides an educational overview of the human muscular system. Includes brief information about diseases of the muscular system. Easy to understand educational overview of the muscular system. Provides more in-depth information about the muscular system. Includes a 2D and 3D interactive anatomy explorer.

A collection of classroom and home-school activities and lesson plans that teach kids about their muscles. This class assignment asks two questions about the muscular system, plus includes a bonus question. Links to explore for the answer are provided. The Digestive System The digestive system is mainly comprised of the gastrointestinal (digestive) tract which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon). The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are also a part of this system and are responsible for contributing to the chemical breakdown of ingested food. The main functions of the digestive system are digestion, absorption and the elimination of waste. Digestion is the breakdown of foods by mechanical and enzymatic processes into substances that can be utilized by the body.

Absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine and is the process by which vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are passed on to the blood for energy. Undigested and non-useful nutrients from food pass through to the large intestine and are eliminated as waste. The large intestine is also where the majority of water and sodium are absorbed into the body for use. A more in-depth look at how the digestive system works, why it’s important, and what happens to your food as it passes through the digestive system. Click on this link for a neat video about the digestive system. Learn about the nine basic steps that the human digestive system goes through. An online game where kids help Arnold with his digestive system.

Organs are moved into the correct location on the character's body. A video that shows how the digestive system works for kids in grades 3 to 12. Nervous System The nervous system is made up of two major parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the main control system for the body. The peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves and ganglia (nerve cell clusters) found outside of the central nervous system; its role is receiving information from various stimuli and sending it to the brain. The main purpose of the nervous system is perceiving information from inside the body and/or from the external environment (PNS) and determining how the body responds to any changes (CNS). An example of this would be pricking your finger on a needle, your body will immediately pull your finger away in direct response to painful stimuli.

This system also regulates basic bodily functions such as breathing, blood pressure, digestion, and the control of body temperature. Educational overview of the nervous system from the NIH. Make a neuron out of clay by following the instructions found on this page.

The directions for the model are for kids in third grade through 12th grade. Provides easy to understand information for kids about the nervous system. Includes a slideshow on the different parts of the brain, anatomy of the nervous system, how it works, and illnesses of this system. Learn all about the nervous system by clicking on this link to the Women's and Children's Health Network. The article even explains how to keep the central nervous system working well!. On this page, kids can learn all about the various body systems. The last system covered by this PDF document is the nervous system.

Endocrine System The endocrine system is primarily made up of the hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal body, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. The main function of this system is to help regulate and maintain assorted functions of the body by releasing hormones into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the condition of maintaining balance within the body in relation to its external environment and is vital for life. Hormones are chemical substances produced by a gland, or glands, to affect other parts of the body.

Together these glands are responsible for growth and development, breathing and heart rate, reproduction, metabolism, mood, sleep, tissue function, digestion, the release of insulin, and much more. Provides video addressing each endocrine gland within the body, how it works, and where the glands are located.

It also provides an overview of the endocrine system. Provides educational information for teens regarding each gland and the hormones they produce. Includes overview of the endocrine system along with common disease conditions. Printable activity sheet for labeling the endocrine glands. Includes educational information on the endocrine glands, the hormones they secrete and where they are located. Activity plan for teachers. This game teaches students about the hormone-receptor interactions within the endocrine system.

Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of the skin, sweat and oil glands, nails, and hair. Skin is the largest organ in the body and is made up of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. This system performs several functions that are vital to maintaining homeostasis. These functions are: protecting the body’s internal organs and tissues; protection from dehydration by helping to retain body fluids; protection from infectious organisms; maintaining a body temperature that is consistent with life; receptor site for pressure, sensation, pain, and temperature; excretion of waste materials through sweating; storing fat, water, and glucose; production of vitamin D. Hair is responsible for helping to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation, while nails help to protect from injury and provide support for the tips of the fingers and toes.

Provides general information about this system including the structure of the skin and the different layers. An educational video about the integumentary functions and anatomy is also included.

Educational information about each layer of the skin in an easy to understand format. Lesson plan for teachers that encourages learning about the four functions of the skin. Infographic diagram on the human integumentary system. Also contains basic information about this system. Urinary/Excretory System The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

The kidneys filter and remove extra fluid, toxins and waste from the bloodstream in the form of urine. Every day this system produces at least 1 to 2 quarts of urine. Other primary functions of the urinary system are maintaining the body’s relative state of homeostasis by keeping the levels of electrolytes in balance, producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, producing red blood cells, and helping to keep bones healthy by maintaining the right amounts of phosphorous and calcium within the body. Educational information from the NIH about this system and its functions.

Provides anatomical information about each organ within the system. Provides information about this system to kids in an easy to understand format. Educational and funny video for children about the urinary system and how it works. Teacher’s lesson plan and activity on the excretory system geared toward elementary school students. Lymphatic System The lymphatic system consists of the lymphatic vessels, tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus gland.

Study Guide Cardiovascular System Answers

Lymphatic vessels are similar to the circulatory system’s capillaries and veins and are connected to hundreds of lymph nodes within the body. Lymph nodes produce and store the cells that fight infection and disease. Tonsils take in bacteria and viruses that enter through the mouth and nose and are considered the first line of defense for the immune system. The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ and is responsible for producing both red and white blood cells and helps to detect dangerous microorganisms, viruses and bacteria within the blood. As part of the immune system, the primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport a clear and colorless infection-fighting fluid called lymph, which contains white blood cells, throughout the body via the lymphatic vessels. Other functions of this system are absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transporting them into the bloodstream, restoring excess proteins and interstitial fluids to the blood, and helping to rid the body of toxic byproducts.

A&p Cardiovascular System Study Guide

Information from the CDC about each organ in the lymphatic system, where it is found and what they produce. Spleen and Lymphatic System: Provides information about the basic anatomy of the lymphatic system, how it works and disease conditions associated with this system. Crash Course: Educational and funny video about the lymphatic system. Provides a transcript of the video for the hearing impaired. Fun interactive and educational online game for children.

Reproductive System The reproductive system in men consists of the penis, scrotum and testicles and in women it consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts and mammary glands. Together there are four main functions of the reproductive system: the production of hormones such as testosterone, progesterone and estrogen; the production of egg and sperm cells; the sustenance and transportation of these cells; and the development and nurturing of offspring. This system is vital to the survival of the human species through creating new life. Overview of descriptions and functions of the male and female reproductive organs. Provides educational information for teen boys about the male reproductive system in an easy to understand format. Provides educational information for teen girls about the female reproductive system.

Provides several sex ed lesson for teachers geared toward students from 4th grade through high school. See also for specific information on the heart.

How do you calculate cardiac output (formula)? Heart rate x stroke volume How much blood is contained in the average human? Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. Which (arteries or veins) carries oxygenated blood?

arteries Name the one vessel that is the exception: pulmonary artery 3. What do you call the loose, outer layer of the sac around the heart? pericardium What side points toward the heart (inside layer)?

visceral What layer is on the outside? parietal 4. When vessels expand, it is called vasodilation When they contract? vasoconstriction 5.

Briefly describe the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium epicardium = outer layer endocardium = inner layer, lining the chambers of the heart myocardium = muscle layer of the heart 6. Describe the size and location of the heart. Size of a fist, center of chest Where is the apex of the heart located? point of the heart What divides the left and right side of the heart?

septum Which side of the heart is more muscular? left side What bone lies directly in front of the heart? sternum 7. During systole, the aortic valve is open. During diastole, the aortic valve is closed. Veins and arteries meet at capillaries , where nutrients are exchanged with body tissues. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.

Veins also have smaller branches called venuoles. What three things push blood back to the heart (through the veins)?

Diaphragm, movement of skeletal muscles, sphincters (valves) What are pre-capillary sphincters? openings into capillaries that can close 9.

Describe the function of the sinoatrial node and trace the path of a nerve (cardiac) impulse through the cardiac conduction system. What is the pacemaker? SA node, regulates the pace of the heart What fibers cause a contraction in the ventricle? Perkinje Fibers Where is the AV node located? Between right atrium and ventricle of the heart (AV stands for atrioventricular) 10. What do the terms tachycardia and bradycardia mean? What is arrhythmia?

Be able to identify these on an ECG. Tachycardia = rapid heart rate; bradycardia = slow heart rate; arrhymia = irregular heart rate 11. Generally speaking, when the ventricle contracts, the atrium relaxes Any contraction (atrial or ventricular) is called systole Relaxing is called diastole.

At what point is blood pressure at its highest? During ventricular contraction 13.

Identify the P-Wave, the QRS complex and a T wave on an ECG. P is the first small bump, QRS is the large peak, and T is the small wave after the peak What is an ECG? (Be able to analyze one) - electrocardiogram 14. What is a defibrillator used for?

How does it work? Shocks the heart back to its normal rhythm 15.

Cardiovascular System Study Guide Pdf

What are systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? What is the “normal” blood pressure for a human? Systolic is the high upper number, diastolic is the lower number. Normal pressure is 120/80 16. What two piece of equipment are needed to take a person’s blood pressure? Stethoscope and sphygmomanometer Describe the procedure: the stethoscope is places at the brachial artery (elbow) and the cuff is wrapped around the arm, the cuff is inflated and then the valve is released slowly.

The first time you hear the sound of a heart beat is the systolic pressure. The cuff continues to deflate until you no longer hear the sound, this is the diastolic pressure. Name and give the function of all four valves of the heart. Some have multiple names; make sure you know all of them.

Right atrioventricular valve is also the tricuspid; left atrioventricular valve is also the bicuspid, or mitral valve 18. Blood that moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again is in the pulmonary circuit. Blood moving throughout the body is in the systemic circuit. List the three major vessels that branch off of the aortic arch.

You may want to draw a diagram. Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian 20. Label all of the major vessels that attach to the heart. Superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta 21. Label a diagram of the heart and trace the flow of blood through the heart.